In early ____ and ____ the Christian life was depicted as a struggle toward righteousness rather than a possessing of righteousness.

• A. Reformation; Enlightenment
• B. Pietism; Puritanism
• C. Monasticism; Scholasticism
• D. Methodism; Evangelicalism

Answer: (B)

Sanctification—the Christian life as ongoing growth in holiness rather than a one-time status—drives this pairing. Pietism, arising within Lutheran circles in the late 17th century, emphasizes heartfelt devotion, personal conversion, and practical holiness in daily life. It portrays faith as a living, developing relationship with God that unfolds through prayer, Scripture, and disciplined behavior, with righteousness seen as something pursued and deepened over time.

Puritanism, flourishing in England and the English colonies in the 16th–17th centuries, likewise centers on a godly life shaped by covenant faith, means of grace, and disciplined practice. Puritans argued that true righteousness is demonstrated through continual growth in grace, obedience, and perseverance, not merely a declared status at justification. Although both affirm justification by faith, they stress that the Christian life is evidenced by a real, progressive transformation—a struggle toward becoming more holy.